Riyadh-Teheran detente proves China's peace diplomacy
SaudiArabia,Iran,andChinaissuedajointstatementinBeijingonMarch10,announcingthatthetwoMiddleEastcountrieswillresumediplomaticrelationsandactivateimportantbilateralagreementsthathadbeenputonholdforsevenyears.Therare,high-profilediplomaticdevelopment,madepossiblebythemediationofChina,widensBeijing"sglobalinfluence,especiallyintermsofdiplomaticmediation.ThatitwillhelpbringstabilitytotheMiddleEastandpromotethenormalizationofrelationsbetweenothercountriesintheregionisagiven.
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China"sachievementisallthemorecomfortingbecausetheworlddidn"tseeitasamajorplayerintheMiddleEast,andconsideredtheUnitedStatesandRussiatobethemostinfluentialpoliticalplayers.MajorpeaceinitiativesintheregionhaveoftenbeenfacilitatedbytheUS,includingthepeaceagreementbetweenEgyptandIsraelbrokeredbyformerpresidentJimmyCarterinCampDavidin1978,andtheOsloAccordssignedbetweenPalestineandIsraelin1993andoverseenbyformerpresidentBillClinton.
TheChina-mediatedtalksbetweenSaudiArabiaandIranwereheldinsecret.Sothediplomaticcommunity,themediaandcommentatorsweresurprisedbythetripartitestatementissuedduringthetwosessions,buttheyhadtoadmitthatChinahadsuccessfullybroughtthetwomajorrivalsintheMiddleEasttogether.Ittookfivedaysofclosed-doortalksforChina"sseniordiplomat,WangYi,andhisSaudiArabianandIraniancounterparts,toachieveapositiveresult.
ThejointstatementhighlightsthekeyroleplayedbyChinaandthestrongdesireofSaudiArabiaandIrantorepairtheirrelationship.ThestatementemphasizesthatthismeetingwasinresponsetoPresidentXiJinping"sinitiativetohelpSaudiArabiaandIrandevelopgood-neighborlyandfriendlyrelations,andwasheldinaccordancewiththeconsensusreachedbetweenPresidentXiandtheleadersofthetwocountries.
Equallyimportant,RiyadhandTeheranhaveagreedto"activate"thesecuritycooperationagreementof2001andthecomprehensivebilateralcooperationagreementof1998whichcoversareassuchastheeconomy,trade,investment,technology,science,cultureandsports.
ThepositiveeffectsofthisdevelopmentcouldalsohelpnormalizethefragilerelationshipbetweenSaudiArabiaandQatar.Qatar,whichdistanceditselffromSaudiArabiaandkepttieswithIran,wassanctionedandisolatedbythesmallSaudiArabia-ledalliance.SoifSaudiArabia-Qatartiesarefullyrestored,itwillhelpunifytheGulfcountriesandpromotetheintegrationoftheGulfCooperationCouncil,whichhasgonethroughmanyupsanddowns.
Similarly,thedevelopmentmaycreateopportunitiesforSyria,whichalongwithIranispartofthe"ShiiteCrescent",toreturntotheArabworldafterbeingisolatedbytheArabLeaguefor12years.ItmightalsoprompttheHouthimilitiainYemen,saidtobeunderIran"sinfluence,tochangeitsattitudeandstrategy,andagreetoholdtalkswithSaudiArabiatoendthecivilwarinYemen.SaudiArabiahaslongaccusedtheHouthimilitiaofbeingIran"sproxyandposingastrategicthreattoit,whileTeheranhascriticizedRiyadhforitsbrutalinterferenceinYemen"sinternalaffairs.
Furthermore,withtherestorationofSaudiArabia-Iranties,tworadicalmilitiasopposingIsrael—theLebaneseHezbollahandthePalestinianHamaswhichfollowedIran"swill—maybetakenoffthe"terroristorganization"blacklistbySaudiArabiaandEgypt,amongothers.
Afterthejointstatementwasreleased,Wangsaidthatthereareotherhotspotissuesthatothermajorcountriesshouldtrytoresolve,suggestingthattheUkrainecrisisisnottheonlyonethatdeservestheinternationalcommunity"sattention.Hestressedtheimportanceofdialoguebasedonequalityandmutualrespecttofindsolutionsthatareacceptabletobothsides.
AsthemediatorofthesecretmeetingbetweenRiyadhandTeheran,Wang"sgoalistopromotepeaceandstabilityintheMiddleEast.InMarch2021,Wang,thenstatecouncilorandforeignminister,visitedsixMiddleEastcountries,includingSaudiArabia,andpromotedthe25-yearstrategiccooperationframeworkagreementbetweenChinaandIran.
InJanuary2022,heorganizeda"MiddleEastWeek"inWuxi,Jiangsuprovince,wherehemetwiththeforeignministersofsixMiddleEastcountries,includingthoseofSaudiArabiaandIran.TheseactivitiesnotonlyshowedChinaattachesgreatimportancetoMiddleEastaffairsbutalsoincreasedtheregionalcountries"trustinChina,andhelpedeasetensionsbetweenSaudiArabiaandIran.
ItwasXi"svisittoSaudiArabiaattheendof2022,andChina-Arabsummit,aswellasChina-GulfCooperationsummit,thatpushedChina-Arabtiestowardinstitutionalization.ThatinturnspurredIrantostrengthencooperationwithChinaandpromptedIranianPresidentEbrahimRaisitovisitChinainFebruary2023.Thesetwotop-leveldiplomaticvisitsplayedakeyroleinimprovingSaudiArabia-Iranties.NottoforgetthatregionalneighborsshowedastrongdesireforRiyadhandTeheran"srapprochement.
TheinternationalcommunityhasgenerallywelcomedtherapprochementbetweenthetwomajorMiddleEastpowersandthetwolargestenergyproducingandexportingcountries,becauseitisbeneficialforthestabilityoftheMiddleEastandtheglobalenergymarket.TheUS,too,haswelcomedthedevelopment,especiallybecauseitdoesn"twantIsraeltousemilitaryforceagainstIrananddragtheUSbackintotheMiddleEastquagmire,becausethestrategicfocusoftheUShasshiftedtoEurasiatorivalwithRussiaandChina.
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